From our digital products to our data solutions to our marketing and creative teams to our programmatic opportunities, our unparalleled resources are road-tested and deliver value to our customers that keep businesses moving forward. A motte and bailey castle is, as the name suggests, made up of two parts: the motte and the bailey. You can find out more using FastPeopleSearch.com. It was not uncommon for the tower to be built and then partially buried within the mound, with the buried part forming a cellar. [78] Around 323 known or probable motte and bailey castles of this design are believed to have built within the borders of the modern Netherlands. To build a large tower that could properly accommodate the lord and his servants, castles needed a large motte. [87], Motte-and-bailey castles were introduced to Ireland following the Norman invasion of Ireland that began between 1166 and 1171 under first Richard de Clare and then Henry II of England, with the occupation of southern and eastern Ireland by a number of Anglo-Norman barons. Collardelle and Mazard, pp.71, 78; Jansen, p.195; Kaufmann and Kaufmann, p.110.. Liddiard (2005), p.17; Creighton (2005), p.48. [9] The size of mottes varied considerably, with these mounds being 3 metres to 30 metres in height (10 feet to 100 feet), and from 30 to 90 metres (100 to 300 ft) in diameter. Ringworks require an inner scarp, or sloping face; this means that the interior space is always less than a flat-topped motte of equivalent height and width. [24][25] Instead of single ditches, occasionally double-ditch defences were built, as seen at Berkhamsted. A motte-and-bailey castle is a wooden or stone keep building which sits on a raised mound called a motte and is accompanied by an enclosed courtyard, called a bailey. [11], In neighbouring Denmark, motte-and-bailey castles appeared somewhat later in the 12th and 13th centuries and in more limited numbers than elsewhere, due to the less feudal society. You can still clearly see the Motte, though. [74] By the end of the medieval period, however, the terpen gave way to hege wieren, non-residential defensive towers, often on motte-like mounds, owned by the increasingly powerful nobles and landowners. [20] Typically the ditch of the motte and the bailey joined, forming a figure of eight around the castle. The motte and bailey castle known as The Mount is a good example of this class of monument, with well preserved earthworks. [75] The Zeeland lords had also built terpen mounds, but these gave way to larger werven constructions–effectively mottes–which were later termed bergen. By the end of the 13th century, the design was largely superseded by alternative forms of fortification, but the earthworks remain a prominent feature in many countries. [43] Against this background, various explanations have been put forward to explain the origins and spread of the motte-and-bailey design across northern Europe; there is often a tension among the academic community between explanations that stress military and social reasons for the rise of this design. You will love the savings! Kenyon, p.13 citing Armitage 1912: pp.147-8. [52] Many of these earliest castles would have appeared quite crude and rustic by later standards, belying the power and prestige of their builders. Person B critiques [Controversial Interpretation of Viewpoint X]. The spread of motte-and-bailey castles was usually closely tied to the creation of local fiefdoms and feudal landowners, and areas without this method of governance rarely built these castles. This is located in the western loop of the `eight' and is surrounded by a steep-sided ditch, 8m wide. [73] Further along the coast in Friesland, the relatively decentralised, egalitarian society initially discouraged the building of motte and bailey castles, although terpen, raised "dwelling mounds" which lacked towers and were usually lower in height than a typical motte, were created instead. Kaufmann, J. E. and H. W. Kaufmann. [71] In the Netherlands, cheap brick started to be used in castles from the 13th century onwards in place of earthworks, and many mottes were levelled, to help develop the surrounding, low-lying fields; these "levelled mottes" are a particularly Dutch phenomenon. [107] In Denmark, motte and baileys gave way in the 14th century to a castrum-curia model, where the castle was built with a fortified bailey and a fortified mound, somewhat smaller than the typical motte. One factor was the introduction of stone into castle building. It was built on a huge mound (the motte). [59] Motte-and-bailey castle building substantially enhanced the prestige of local nobles, and it has been suggested that their early adoption was because they were a cheaper way of imitating the more prestigious Höhenburgen built on high ground, but this is usually regarded as unlikely. Aux origines de la seigneurie," in, Creighton, Oliver Hamilton and Robert Higham. The Normans were huge advocates of this type of castle design and we have already learned that motte-and-baileys were a decisive factor in the Normans successful conquest of the British Isles. Mountfitchet Castle is a unique open-air museum experience where the visitor can travel back in time over 900 years and truly witness life in a medieval Motte and Bailey castle. A motte-and-bailey castle was made up of two structures: a motte (a type of mound – often artificial – topped with a wooden or stone structure known as a keep); and at least one bailey (a fortified enclosure built next to the motte). [47], An alternative approach focuses on the links between this form of castle and what can be termed a feudal mode of society. Relatively easy to build with unskilled labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France, into the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century. Irish castle specialist Tom McNeill has noted that it would appear very strange if the indigenous Irish lords had not adopted castle technology during their long struggle with the Anglo-Norman nobility, but there is no significant archaeological or historical evidence to show such construction. To avoid the perils of fire, improve durability and increase the castle defense capability, the obvious solution was to replace (wherever possible) timber with stone. [23] A castle could have more than one bailey: at Warkworth Castle an inner and an outer bailey was constructed, or alternatively, several baileys could flank the motte, as at Windsor Castle. Motte-and-bailey meme [101] Shell keeps were built on many mottes, circular stone shells running around the top of the motte, sometimes protected by a further chemise, or low protective wall, around the base. The bailey was linked to the motte either by a flying bridge stretching between the two, or, more commonly in England, by steps cut into the motte. Aerial view of Windsor Castle. A more detailed diagram of a Motte and Bailey Castle. [54] Duke William went on to prohibit the building of castles without his consent through the Consuetudines et Justicie, with his legal definition of castles centring on the classic motte-and-bailey features of ditching, banking and palisading. Mount Bailey is a mountain summit in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains of North America. [21] Wherever possible, nearby streams and rivers would be dammed or diverted, creating water-filled moats, artificial lakes and other forms of water defences. [12] A motte was protected by a ditch around it, which would typically have also been a source of the earth and soil for constructing the mound itself. Designers could use an existing mound or hill for foundations which could save significant construction time. (1972) "The field archaeology of mottes in England and Wales: eine kurze übersichte," in, De Meulemeester, Johnny. [68] After the Norman conquest of England and Wales, the building of motte-and-bailey castles in Normandy accelerated as well, resulting in a broad swath of these castles across the Norman territories, around 741 motte-and-bailey castles in England and Wales alone. Lepage, p.35; Collardelle and Mazard, pp.72-3. However, a large motte was extremely difficult to build as it took disproportionately more effort to pile up the earth than in the case of smaller hills. [4] In medieval sources, the Latin term castellum was used to describe the bailey complex within these castles. [15] Although militarily a motte was, as Norman Pounds describes it, "almost indestructible", they required frequent maintenance. Flitwick Mount is a motte and bailey castle of figure-of-eight plan. [112] Another example is Durham Castle in northern England, where the round tower is used for student accommodation. Windsor Castle, in England, is an example of a motte-and-bailey castle. [77] During the 12th and 13th centuries a number of terpen mounds were turned into werven mottes, and some new werven mottes were built from scratch. (1996) "Norwegian medieval castles: building on the edge of Europe," in, Héricher, Anne-Marie Flambard. [30] Taking into account estimates of the likely available manpower during the period, historians estimate that the larger mottes might have taken between four and nine months to build. Bailey Business Hotels; Romantic Hotels in Bailey; Near Landmarks. [99] Although wood was a more powerful defensive material than was once thought, stone became increasingly popular for military and symbolic reasons. A motte-and-bailey castle is a fortification with a wooden or stone keep situated on a raised area of ground called a motte, accompanied by a walled courtyard, or bailey, surrounded by a protective ditch and palisade. The motte was flattened on top to make place for the wooden keep. Willard Roger Bailey, 80 of Woodbridge, VA was called to rest in Jesus on Saturday, September 21, 2019. The Medieval Fortress: castles, forts and walled cities of the Middle Ages. [57] The motte-and-bailey design began to spread into Alsace and the northern Alps from France during the first half of the 11th century, spreading further into Bohemia and Austria in the subsequent years. Unlike Anglo-Saxon fortified towns, a Norman castle could be built very quickly, in some cases it … In France, they were not built after the start of the 12th century, and mottes ceased to be built in most of England after around 1170, although they continued to be erected in Wales and along the Marches. Discovering Fortifications: From the Tudors to the Cold War. Motte-and-bailey castles became a less popular design in the mid-medieval period. The ditch itself is 3m deep, and further defence was provided by an outer bank which is now about 0.5m high. Timber also tends to rot easily, and many of these early castles quickly ran into disrepair and were often abandoned or required significant (and often expensive) repairs and ongoing maintenance. The 9,089-foot (2,770 m) peak is located 1.0 mile (1.6 km) northeast (bearing 48°) of the community of Bailey in Park County, Colorado, United States. Motte-and-Bailey Castles, the original Castle design, Evolution in Castle design: Stone Castles, Top 10 most beautiful castles in Luxembourg, Top 20 most beautiful castles in the World. As an example, a large motte is estimated to have required up to 24,000 man-days of work while smaller ones required perhaps as little as 1,000. Scheduled as 'The Mount... a substantial motte-and-bailey castle that stands on the row of a steep bank above the Leet Water.' Explore! [58] This form of castle was closely associated with the colonisation of newly cultivated areas within the Empire, as new lords were granted lands by the emperor and built castles close to the local gród, or town. We have reviews of the best places to see in Bailey. Small jobs and large ones as well. Attackers soon found out that the keep on top of the motte was surprisingly hard to capture as the height of the motte and the ditch surrounding it gave defenders a significant defensive advantage. Liddiard (2005), p.19; Brown (1962), p.22. [27], Regardless of the sequencing, artificial mottes had to be built by piling up earth; this work was undertaken by hand, using wooden shovels and hand-barrows, possibly with picks as well in the later periods. [88] The rapid Norman success depended on key economic and military advantages; their cavalry enabled Norman successes in battles, and castles enabled them to control the newly conquered territories. In the storey above were the dwelling and common living-rooms of the residents in which were the larders, the rooms of the bakers and butlers, and the great chamber in which the lord and his wife slept...In the upper storey of the house were garret rooms...In this storey also the watchmen and the servants appointed to keep the house took their sleep". [62] These urban castles could make use of the existing town's walls and fortification, but typically required the demolition of local houses to make space for them. 116 likes. [46] The motte-and-bailey castle was certainly effective against assault, although as historian André Debord suggests, the historical and archaeological record of the military operation of motte-and-bailey castles remains relatively limited. [83], Motte-and-bailey castles in Scotland emerged as a consequence of the centralising of royal authority in the 12th century. [41], The motte-and-bailey castle is a particularly northern European phenomenon, most numerous in Normandy and Britain, but also seen in Denmark, Germany, Southern Italy and occasionally beyond. [7], Mottes were made out of earth and flattened on top, and it can be very hard to determine whether a mound is artificial or natural without excavation. Person A asserts [Controversial Interpretation of Viewpoint X]. (2003), Debord, André. [41] The reasons for why this decision was taken are unclear; motte-and-bailey castles may have been felt to be more prestigious, or easier to defend; another theory is that like the terpen in the Netherlands, or Vorburg and Hauptburg in Lower Rhineland, raising the height of the castle was done to create a drier site. De Colmieu described how the nobles would build "a mound of earth as high as they can and dig a ditch about it as wide and deep as possible. Visit top-rated & must-see attractions. Motte and baileys are an early form of castle that originated after the Norman conquest of England in the 11th century and quickly spread through Europe. Mottes ranged from 25 feet (8 metres) to over 80 feet (24 metres) in height [61] The first of these was the establishment by the new king of royal castles in key strategic locations, including many towns. The term motte-and-bailey is a relatively modern one, and is not medieval in origin. Construction didn't require any special materials, and the work could usually be carried out by unskilled men. (1982) "Mottes Castrales du Comté de Flandres: État de la question d'apr les fouilles récent,", O'Conor, Kieran. [98] In the Low Countries and Germany, a similar transition occurred in the 13th and 14th centuries. The yard was surrounded by a wooden fence called a palisade and then a ditch. Access ID cards, check on a claim, make a payment, and much more. As we can see, these castles included three main design elements: The Motte (the word derives from Old French) was a large earthen mound with a ditch surrounding its base. Medieval Warfare: theory and practice of war in Europe, 300-1500. In most cases, DCF is able to provide supports and services to keep children safe with parents or family members. Sign in to your account. It was surrounded by a protective wall, originally made of wood. The keep on top of the motte was the castle's last line of defense and it was the place where the lord of the castle (together with his wife) inhabited. [44] One suggestion is that these castles were built particularly in order to protect against external attack – the Angevins, it is argued, began to build them to protect against the Viking raids, and the design spread to deal with the attacks along the Slav and Hungarian frontiers. This meant that a motte-and-bailey castle could be built relatively quickly using local manpower and earth and timber alone as building materials. The biggest advantage of the Motte and Bailey design was how extremely cheap and easy to build it was. [95] In addition, there is evidence of the Norman crusaders building a motte and bailey using sand and wood in Egypt in 1221 during the Fifth Crusade.[96]. Despite the simple and relatively rough design, motte-and-baileys had excellent defensive capabilities. Simpson and Webster, p.225; Tabraham, p.11. [81] There are indications that this may have begun from 1111 onwards under Prince Cadwgan ap Bleddyn, with the first documentary evidence of a native Welsh castle being at Cymmer in 1116. [80], The Norman expansion into Wales slowed in the 12th century but remained an ongoing threat to the remaining native rulers. [53] William the Conqueror, as the Duke of Normandy, is believed to have adopted the motte-and-bailey design from neighbouring Anjou. We can see the two baileys (left and right) flanking the original motte in the middle. [91][nb 2] Between 350 and 450 motte-and-bailey castles are believed to remain today, although the identification of these earthwork remains can be contentious. [108] By the 12th century, the castles in Western Germany began to thin in number, due to changes in land ownership, and various mottes were abandoned. [34] Layers of turf could also be added to stabilise the motte as it was built up, or a core of stones placed as the heart of the structure to provide strength. Not all were abandoned however, with many of these original motte-and-bailey castles used as foundations for the newly designed stone castles. 2. Sometimes, the ditches were filled with water by damming or diverting nearby streams forming water-filled moats. [19] The bailey was connected to the motte by a bridge, or, as often seen in England, by steps cut into the motte. And with this new approach, the great era of stone castles had begun. Person A asserts that they were actually defending [Common-Sense Interpretation of Viewpoint X]. The motte is a raised mound or earthwork with a stone or wooden keep (a fortified tower) on top. Although you might not think it today, the mount and surrounding lands are the remnant of an early medieval wooden motte and bailey castle built by Sweyn, Sheriff of Essex. With the castle long gone, the area is now an urban wildlife haven and green lung in the heart of Rayleigh town centre, offering sweeping views across the Crouch Valley. [18] The bailey was often kidney-shaped to fit against a circular motte, but could be made in other shapes according to the terrain. One thing that made the motte-and-bailey design so popular was the use of wood as the primary building material, however, this also became the design's Achilles heel. Save in-store with everyday low prices on mens, womens, and kids clothing as well as shoes, baby gear, and home décor at Burlington. In the late-12th century, the Normans invaded southern Italy and Sicily; although they had the technology to build more modern designs, in many cases wooden motte-and-bailey castles were built instead for reasons of speed. The term bailey refers to a yard formed by flattening an area alongside the motte. [89] The new lords rapidly built castles to protect their possessions; most of these were motte-and-bailey constructions, many of them strongly defended. "[6] At Durham Castle, contemporaries described how the motte-and-bailey superstructure arose from the "tumulus of rising earth" with a keep rising "into thin air, strong within and without" with a "stalwart house...glittering with beauty in every part". [20] Where the local workforce had to be paid – such as at Clones in Ireland, built in 1211 using imported labourers – the costs would rise quickly, in this case reaching £20. It is surrounded by a protective ditch and a fence called a palisade and was the first type of castle to be built in England after the Norman conquest in 1066. An outer bailey extended the castle perimeter out to Bellingham Lane with a barbican (fortified gateway), stout wooden fencing and a bridge guarding access between the two baileys where the present sensory garden is behind the windmill. [79] Except for a handful of mote and bailey castles in Norway, built in the first half of the 11th century and including the royal residence in Oslo, the design did not play a role further north in Scandinavia. Moreover, Norman designers found that the wider the ditch was dug, the deeper and steeper the sides of the scarp could be, making life even more difficult for the attackers. The cost of this design was not easily scalable and the reality of the times forced local nobles to forego the simple motte and bailey design and turn to more complex design principles to build the large castles that their status and people needed for economics, politics, and defense. Several were built in England and Wales after the conquest; by 1216 there were around 100 in the country. Originally, these castles were constructed from timber and earth alone; they were cheap and easy to build and didn't require any special design. Brown (1962), p.22; Pounds (1994), p.208. The space on top of the mound is enclosed by a palisade of very strong hewn logs, strengthened at intervals by as many towers as their means can provide. Chateau de Gisors in Normandy, a perefect example of a motte-and-bailey castle, where the wooden tower was replced with a stone keep. For other uses, see, Initial development, 10th and 11th centuries, Further expansion, 12th and 13th centuries, Conversion and decline, 13th–14th centuries. Relatively easy to build with unskilled labour, but still militarily formidable, these castles were built across northern Europe from the 10th century onwards, spreading from Normandy and Anjou in France, into the Holy Roman Empire in the 11th century. Welsh princes and lords began to build the castle are wood or stone construction came to an end may. Public and private Fortifications in Denmark, '' in, Ekroll, Oystein about 0.5m high and 13th centuries intent... Its occupation and two mottes, such as at Cabal Tump ( )... 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